模式匹配是检查某个值(value)是否匹配某一个模式的机制,一个成功的匹配同时会将匹配值解构为其组成部分。它是Java中的switch
语句的升级版,同样可以用于替代一系列的 if/else 语句。
语法
一个模式匹配语句包括一个待匹配的值,match
关键字,以及至少一个case
语句。
import scala.util.Random
val x: Int = Random.nextInt(10)
x match {
case 0 => "zero"
case 1 => "one"
case 2 => "two"
case _ => "other"
}
上述代码中的val x
是一个0到10之间的随机整数,将它放在match
运算符的左侧对其进行模式匹配,match
的右侧是包含4条case
的表达式,其中最后一个case _
表示匹配其余所有情况,在这里就是其他可能的整型值。
match
表达式具有一个结果值
def matchTest(x: Int): String = x match {
case 1 => "one"
case 2 => "two"
case _ => "other"
}
matchTest(3) // other
matchTest(1) // one
这个match
表达式是String类型的,因为所有的情况(case)均返回String,所以matchTest
函数的返回值是String类型。
样例类(case classes)的匹配
样例类非常适合用于模式匹配。
abstract class Notification
case class Email(sender: String, title: String, body: String) extends Notification
case class SMS(caller: String, message: String) extends Notification
case class VoiceRecording(contactName: String, link: String) extends Notification
Notification
是一个虚基类,它有三个具体的子类Email
, SMS
和VoiceRecording
,我们可以在这些样例类(Case Class)上像这样使用模式匹配:
def showNotification(notification: Notification): String = {
notification match {
case Email(sender, title, _) =>
s"You got an email from $sender with title: $title"
case SMS(number, message) =>
s"You got an SMS from $number! Message: $message"
case VoiceRecording(name, link) =>
s"you received a Voice Recording from $name! Click the link to hear it: $link"
}
}
val someSms = SMS("12345", "Are you there?")
val someVoiceRecording = VoiceRecording("Tom", "voicerecording.org/id/123")
println(showNotification(someSms)) // prints You got an SMS from 12345! Message: Are you there?
println(showNotification(someVoiceRecording)) // you received a Voice Recording from Tom! Click the link to hear it: voicerecording.org/id/123
showNotification
函数接受一个抽象类Notification
对象作为输入参数,然后匹配其具体类型。(也就是判断它是一个Email
,SMS
,还是VoiceRecording
)。在case Email(sender, title, _)
中,对象的sender
和title
属性在返回值中被使用,而body
属性则被忽略,故使用_
代替。
模式守卫(Pattern guards)
为了让匹配更加具体,可以使用模式守卫,也就是在模式后面加上if <boolean expression>
。
def showImportantNotification(notification: Notification, importantPeopleInfo: Seq[String]): String = {
notification match {
case Email(sender, _, _) if importantPeopleInfo.contains(sender) =>
"You got an email from special someone!"
case SMS(number, _) if importantPeopleInfo.contains(number) =>
"You got an SMS from special someone!"
case other =>
showNotification(other) // nothing special, delegate to our original showNotification function
}
}
val importantPeopleInfo = Seq("867-5309", "[email protected]")
val someSms = SMS("867-5309", "Are you there?")
val someVoiceRecording = VoiceRecording("Tom", "voicerecording.org/id/123")
val importantEmail = Email("[email protected]", "Drinks tonight?", "I'm free after 5!")
val importantSms = SMS("867-5309", "I'm here! Where are you?")
println(showImportantNotification(someSms, importantPeopleInfo))
println(showImportantNotification(someVoiceRecording, importantPeopleInfo))
println(showImportantNotification(importantEmail, importantPeopleInfo))
println(showImportantNotification(importantSms, importantPeopleInfo))
在case Email(sender, _, _) if importantPeopleInfo.contains(sender)
中,除了要求notification
是Email
类型外,还需要sender
在重要人物列表importantPeopleInfo
中,才会匹配到该模式。
仅匹配类型
也可以仅匹配类型,如下所示:
abstract class Device
case class Phone(model: String) extends Device {
def screenOff = "Turning screen off"
}
case class Computer(model: String) extends Device {
def screenSaverOn = "Turning screen saver on..."
}
def goIdle(device: Device) = device match {
case p: Phone => p.screenOff
case c: Computer => c.screenSaverOn
}
当不同类型对象需要调用不同方法时,仅匹配类型的模式非常有用,如上代码中goIdle
函数对不同类型的Device
有着不同的表现。一般使用类型的首字母作为case
的标识符,例如上述代码中的p
和c
,这是一种惯例。
密封类
特质(trait)和类(class)可以用sealed
标记为密封的,这意味着其所有子类都必须与之定义在相同文件中,从而保证所有子类型都是已知的。
sealed abstract class Furniture
case class Couch() extends Furniture
case class Chair() extends Furniture
def findPlaceToSit(piece: Furniture): String = piece match {
case a: Couch => "Lie on the couch"
case b: Chair => "Sit on the chair"
}
这对于模式匹配很有用,因为我们不再需要一个匹配其他任意情况的case
。
备注
Scala的模式匹配语句对于使用样例类(case classes)表示的类型非常有用,同时也可以利用提取器对象(extractor objects)中的unapply
方法来定义非样例类对象的匹配。